VOI001Unit-wise Lecture Notes

4.1 Basic Services of the Internet

The Internet is a vast, global network of interconnected computer networks that communicate using a common set of rules called protocols (chiefly TCP/IP), allowing any connected computer anywhere in the world to exchange data with any other. It is not owned by any single company or government; it is a cooperative network of networks.

इंटरनेट परस्पर जुड़े कंप्यूटर नेटवर्कों का एक विशाल वैश्विक जाल है, जो सामान्य प्रोटोकॉल (मुख्यतः TCP/IP) के माध्यम से आपस में डेटा का आदान-प्रदान करता है। यह किसी एक कंपनी या सरकार के स्वामित्व में नहीं है।

Basic services commonly provided over the Internet include:

• World Wide Web (WWW) — browsing linked pages of text, images, audio and video using a web browser.

• Electronic Mail (Email) — sending and receiving digital letters instantly, covered in detail later in this chapter.

• File Transfer (FTP/downloads) — uploading or downloading files between a computer and a remote server.

• Instant Messaging and Video Calling — real-time text, voice, and video communication (e.g., WhatsApp, Google Meet, Zoom).

• Social Networking — platforms for sharing updates, photos and connecting with other people (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn).

• E-commerce and Online Banking — buying/selling goods and transferring money securely over the Internet.

• Cloud Storage — storing files remotely so they can be accessed from any device (e.g., Google Drive, OneDrive).

4.2 The World Wide Web (WWW) and How It Works

The World Wide Web (WWW), or simply 'the Web', is a service that runs ON the Internet — it is a huge collection of documents (web pages) linked together by hyperlinks, and accessed using web browsers. People often use 'Internet' and 'Web' interchangeably, but the Web is only one of many services the Internet carries; email and instant messaging, for example, also travel over the Internet but are not part of the Web.

• Web Page — a single document written mainly in HTML (HyperText Markup Language), viewable in a browser.

• Website — a collection of related web pages grouped under one domain name, e.g., www.example.com.

• Web Server — a powerful computer that permanently stores a website's files and 'serves' (sends) them to browsers on request.

• Hyperlink (Link) — clickable text or image that jumps to another web page or a different part of the same page; the underlying mechanism that makes the Web a 'web' of interconnected pages.

• HTTP / HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol / Secure) — the rules that govern how a browser requests a page and how a server responds; the 'S' in HTTPS means the connection is encrypted and therefore safer.

Fig 4.1 — How a browser fetches a web page (client-server request/response, with DNS translating the URL to a server address)

Step-by-step, what happens when a URL is typed into the address bar and Enter is pressed:

1. The browser sends the typed address to a DNS (Domain Name System) server, which works like a phone directory, translating the human-readable name (e.g., www.example.com) into the server's numeric IP address.

2. The browser sends an HTTP/HTTPS Request to the web server at that IP address, asking for the specific page.

3. The web server locates the requested files and sends back an HTTP Response containing the page's HTML, images, and other resources.

4. The browser receives this response and renders (draws) it on screen as the familiar web page.

जब पता बार में कोई URL टाइप किया जाता है, तो DNS सर्वर उसे संख्यात्मक IP पते में बदलता है, ब्राउज़र सर्वर को अनुरोध (request) भेजता है, और सर्वर वेब पृष्ठ को उत्तर (response) के रूप में वापस भेजता है, जिसे ब्राउज़र स्क्रीन पर प्रदर्शित करता है।

4.3 Basic Internet Terminology

Term	Meaning
ISP (Internet Service Provider)	A company (e.g., Jio, Airtel, BSNL) that provides a paid connection linking a home/office computer to the wider Internet.
IP Address	A unique numeric address (e.g., 192.168.1.1) assigned to every device on a network, used to identify and locate it, similar to a postal address.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)	The complete web address typed into a browser, e.g., https://www.example.com/page.html, specifying the protocol, domain, and exact page.
Domain Name	The easy-to-remember name part of a URL (e.g., example.com) that DNS translates into an IP address.
Web Browser	Software used to access, display, and navigate web pages (covered in Section 4.4).
Search Engine	A website (e.g., Google, Bing) that indexes the Web and returns a ranked list of pages matching a typed query.
Bandwidth	The maximum amount of data that can travel through an Internet connection per second, commonly measured in Mbps (megabits per second).
Wi-Fi	A technology that lets devices connect to a network wirelessly using radio waves, typically over a short range such as a home or office.

4.4 Types of Internet Connections

• Dial-Up — an old, slow method using a telephone line and a modem; now largely obsolete.

• Broadband (DSL/Cable) — a faster, always-on wired connection delivered over telephone or cable-TV lines.

• Fibre-Optic (FTTH) — very high-speed connection using glass/plastic fibre cables that carry data as pulses of light; the fastest common household option today.

• Mobile Data (3G/4G/5G) — wireless Internet access through a mobile network operator's SIM card, used on smartphones and portable hotspots.

• Wi-Fi — not an Internet connection by itself, but a wireless method of sharing an existing broadband/fibre connection among nearby devices.

• Satellite Internet — beamed from an orbiting satellite; useful in remote areas lacking cable/fibre infrastructure, but usually slower and costlier.

✎ Exercise 4.4 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. List the type(s) of Internet connection available at your home and college. In one line each, note their approximate speed and whether they are wired or wireless.

4.5 Web Browsers: Meaning and Popular Browsers

A Web Browser is application software used to locate, retrieve, and display content (web pages) from the World Wide Web, and to let the user navigate from one page to another via hyperlinks.

• Google Chrome — the most widely used browser worldwide, known for speed and a large library of extensions.

• Microsoft Edge — built into Windows, based on the same engine as Chrome, with integrated tools for reading and note-taking.

• Mozilla Firefox — an open-source browser known for strong privacy controls.

• Apple Safari — the default browser on Apple devices (Mac, iPhone, iPad), optimised for that ecosystem.

• Opera — includes a free built-in VPN and ad-blocker as standard features.

वेब ब्राउज़र एक एप्लीकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर है, जिसकी सहायता से वर्ल्ड वाइड वेब से सामग्री प्राप्त की जाती है और हाइपरलिंक के माध्यम से एक पृष्ठ से दूसरे पृष्ठ पर जाया जाता है। Chrome, Edge, Firefox तथा Safari प्रमुख ब्राउज़र हैं।

4.6 The Browser Interface and Navigation

Although browsers differ in appearance, nearly all share the same core interface elements:

• Address Bar (Omnibox) — where a URL or search term is typed; also shows the padlock icon confirming a secure (HTTPS) connection.

• Tabs — allow several web pages to be open simultaneously within one browser window; Ctrl+T opens a new tab, Ctrl+W closes the current one.

• Back / Forward buttons — move to the previously/subsequently viewed page in the current tab's history.

• Refresh (Reload) button — reloads the current page from the server, useful if a page fails to load fully or content has changed (e.g., live scores).

• Home button — takes the browser to a pre-set starting page.

• Bookmarks/Favourites (Ctrl+D to add) — saves the address of a page for quick access later without retyping the URL.

• History (Ctrl+H) — a chronological list of every page visited, letting a user revisit or clear past browsing activity.

• Downloads (Ctrl+J) — shows files that have been downloaded from the Web to the computer.

✎ Exercise 4.6 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Open your browser, add your college website (or any three educational websites) to Bookmarks, then open the History list and note down the last three pages you visited.

4.7 Searching the Web Effectively

A search engine such as Google accepts a typed query and returns a ranked list of matching web pages. A few techniques make searches far more precise:

• Use specific keywords rather than full sentences, e.g., "VOI001 syllabus MS Access" rather than "what is in my course".

• Enclose an exact phrase in quotation marks, e.g., "world wide web" to find that precise wording only.

• Use a minus sign to exclude a word, e.g., jaguar -car to find the animal rather than the vehicle brand.

• Restrict results to one website using site:, e.g., site:invertis.org admission.

• Use the Images, Videos, News, and Maps tabs of the search engine to filter results by content type.

खोज इंजन में सटीक कीवर्ड, उद्धरण चिह्नों में वाक्यांश, माइनस चिन्ह से बहिष्करण, तथा site: जैसे विशेष कमांड का उपयोग करने से अधिक सटीक और उपयोगी परिणाम प्राप्त होते हैं।

4.8 Safe Use of the Internet — Common Threats

Being aware of common online threats is the first step toward safe browsing:

• Phishing — fraudulent emails or websites disguised as genuine (e.g., a fake bank login page) designed to steal passwords or card details; never enter sensitive details after clicking a link from an unexpected email.

• Malware and Viruses — harmful software that can damage files or steal data, often bundled with pirated software or unsafe downloads.

• Fake/Insecure Websites — sites without HTTPS (no padlock icon) may transmit data (including passwords) without encryption.

• Cyberbullying and Online Harassment — abusive or threatening behaviour directed at someone through social media, chat or email.

• Oversharing Personal Information — publicly posting details like home address, phone number, or daily schedule can enable stalking or identity theft.

• Fake News and Misinformation — unverified or deliberately false content that spreads quickly on social media.

फ़िशिंग, मैलवेयर, असुरक्षित वेबसाइट, साइबर-बुलिंग तथा व्यक्तिगत जानकारी का अत्यधिक साझाकरण इंटरनेट के सामान्य खतरे हैं, जिनके प्रति सजग रहना आवश्यक है।

4.9 Safe Use of the Internet — Good Practices

• Check for HTTPS and the padlock icon before entering any password, card number, or personal detail on a website.

• Use a strong, unique password for each important account, ideally combined with Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for an extra security code.

• Never click links or open attachments from unknown or suspicious senders; hover over a link first to preview its real destination.

• Keep the operating system, browser, and antivirus software updated, since updates frequently patch known security holes.

• Review privacy settings on social media to control who can see personal posts, photos, and location.

• Verify a story on at least one other reliable source before sharing news or forwarding messages.

• Log out of accounts and clear browsing data when using a shared or public computer.

✎ Exercise 4.9 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Open your browser's Settings and check whether it is set to auto-update. Then examine the privacy settings of one social media account you use and list two changes you would make to protect your personal information.

4.10 Creating an Email Account

Email (electronic mail) lets a user send digital letters, along with file attachments, almost instantly to anyone with an email address, anywhere in the world. Before sending or receiving email, a free email account must be created with a provider such as Gmail, Outlook.com, or Yahoo Mail.

Step-by-step: creating a free Gmail account

1. Open a web browser and go to accounts.google.com (or tap Create account within the Gmail app).

2. Click Create account and choose For myself.

3. Enter your First name and Last name.

4. Choose a Username — this becomes the part before '@gmail.com' in your address (e.g., aarav.sharma2026@gmail.com); if it is already taken, Google will suggest alternatives.

5. Create a strong Password (a mix of upper/lower-case letters, numbers, and symbols) and confirm it.

6. Provide a recovery phone number and/or recovery email address — essential for resetting a forgotten password later.

7. Enter your date of birth and gender, then agree to Google's Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

8. Click Next; the account is created and the Gmail Inbox opens automatically.

जीमेल खाता बनाने हेतु accounts.google.com पर जाकर 'Create account' चुनें, नाम, उपयोगकर्ता-नाम (username) एवं सशक्त पासवर्ड दर्ज करें, रिकवरी नंबर/ईमेल दें, तथा शर्तों से सहमत होकर खाता पूर्ण करें।

4.11 The Email Interface

• Inbox — where all newly received emails first appear.

• Compose — the button that opens a new blank email window to write and send a fresh message.

• Sent — a folder holding a copy of every email you have sent.

• Drafts — automatically stores an unfinished email so it is not lost if you close it before sending.

• Spam/Junk — a folder where the email service automatically routes messages it suspects are unwanted or fraudulent.

• Trash/Bin — holds deleted emails temporarily (usually 30 days) before permanent removal.

• Starred/Important — lets a user flag specific emails to find them quickly later.

4.12 Composing and Sending an Email

The basic fields of an email, filled in while composing:

Field	Purpose
To	The email address(es) of the main recipient(s).
CC (Carbon Copy)	Additional recipients who should be aware of the email; their addresses are visible to everyone.
BCC (Blind Carbon Copy)	Additional recipients who receive a copy WITHOUT their address being visible to other recipients.
Subject	A short, clear one-line summary of the email's content — never leave this blank.
Body	The main message text, which can include formatting (bold, bullet lists, links) in most webmail composers.
Attachment (paperclip icon)	Used to attach a file; covered in detail in Section 4.14.

1. Click Compose to open a new message window.

2. Type the recipient's email address in the To field (and CC/BCC if needed).

3. Type a clear Subject line.

4. Type the message in the body area, add any attachment (Section 4.14).

5. Proofread the message, then click Send.

ईमेल भेजने हेतु 'Compose' पर क्लिक करें, प्राप्तकर्ता का पता 'To' में लिखें, स्पष्ट 'Subject' दें, संदेश टाइप करें, आवश्यक होने पर अटैचमेंट जोड़ें, तथा अंत में 'Send' पर क्लिक करें।

4.13 Receiving, Replying to and Forwarding Emails

• Receiving — new mail arrives automatically in the Inbox; unread messages are usually shown in bold.

• Reply — sends a response back to only the original sender, automatically quoting the original message below.

• Reply All — sends the response to the original sender AND every other recipient who was on the To/CC list — use with care to avoid unnecessary mass replies.

• Forward — sends a copy of a received email (with its original content) on to a new, different recipient, optionally with an added note.

• Marking as Read/Unread — lets a user manually flag a message to revisit later, or clear the 'unread' bold indicator.

✎ Exercise 4.13 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Exchange a test email with a classmate: send them a short email with the subject 'Test Mail — Roll No.', ask them to Reply, and then Forward their reply to your teacher's email address.

4.14 Sending and Receiving Emails with Attachments

An Attachment is a file (document, image, spreadsheet, PDF, etc.) sent along with an email rather than typed into its body.

Step-by-step: attaching and sending a file

1. While composing an email, click the paperclip (Attach files) icon in the compose window's toolbar.

2. Browse to and select the file(s) on your computer (or choose 'Insert from Drive' for a cloud file); multiple files can usually be selected together.

3. Wait for the upload progress bar beneath the Subject line to complete before clicking Send — sending before the upload finishes can result in a failed or missing attachment.

4. Click Send; the recipient will see the attachment as a small icon/thumbnail near the bottom of the email.

Step-by-step: downloading a received attachment

1. Open the received email containing the attachment.

2. Hover over the attachment thumbnail; a Download icon appears — click it to save the file to the computer's Downloads folder.

3. Scan downloaded attachments with antivirus software before opening them, especially from unfamiliar senders (Section 4.8).

• Most webmail providers (e.g., Gmail) limit individual attachments to around 25 MB; larger files must instead be shared as a cloud-storage link (e.g., Google Drive).

• Compressing a group of files into a single .zip folder before attaching keeps the email tidy and can reduce the total upload size.

अटैचमेंट भेजने हेतु कंपोज़ विंडो में पेपरक्लिप आइकन पर क्लिक कर फ़ाइल चुनें, अपलोड पूर्ण होने की प्रतीक्षा करें, फिर 'Send' दबाएँ। प्राप्त अटैचमेंट को डाउनलोड करने से पहले एंटीवायरस से जाँच लेना सुरक्षित रहता है।

4.15 Organising Email: Labels, Folders and Spam

• Labels/Folders — most webmail lets a user create custom labels (e.g., 'College', 'Family') and apply them to emails for easy filtering, similar to folders in File Explorer.

• Filters/Rules — automated instructions (e.g., 'always label emails from teacher@college.edu as College and skip the Inbox') that sort incoming mail without manual effort.

• Signature — a block of text (name, designation, contact details) automatically appended to the end of every outgoing email, set once under Settings.

• Spam/Junk filtering — automatically detects and separates unsolicited or fraudulent bulk email; periodically check this folder in case a genuine email is misfiled, but never click links inside suspected spam.

• Unsubscribe — a link found in most legitimate promotional emails to stop receiving future mail from that particular sender.

4.16 Worked Walkthrough: Setting Up an Account and Sending an Email with Attachment

This walkthrough combines the skills of this chapter into one realistic end-to-end task.

1. Create a new Gmail account following the steps in Section 4.10, using your own name and a professional-sounding username.

2. Open your college's website in a new browser tab (Section 4.6) and use Ctrl+F to search the page for the Admissions Office email address.

3. Return to Gmail and click Compose.

4. In To, type the Admissions Office address you found; in CC, add your own email address so you retain a copy.

5. Type the Subject: 'Enquiry regarding VOI001 Course — [Your Roll Number]'.

6. In the body, write a short, polite enquiry (3-4 sentences) asking a genuine question about the course.

7. Prepare a one-page Word document (or use one created in Chapter 1) named with your Roll Number, then attach it using the paperclip icon.

8. Wait for the attachment to finish uploading, proofread the whole email, and click Send.

9. Open the Sent folder to confirm the email, with its attachment, was sent successfully.

यह अभ्यास खाता निर्माण, वेबसाइट पर खोज, ईमेल लेखन तथा अटैचमेंट भेजने के कौशल को एक व्यावहारिक कार्य में जोड़ता है।

✎ Exercise 4.16 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Repeat the walkthrough above but this time attach TWO files (one Word document and one image) in the same email, and use BCC to send a hidden copy to a classmate.

4.17 Applications of the Internet and Email

• Distance and online education, including submitting assignments and joining video lectures.

• Formal professional communication, job applications, and official correspondence via email.

• E-commerce, online bill payment, and banking.

• Research, referencing digital libraries, journals, and encyclopaedic resources.

• Staying informed through online news and government e-governance portals.

4.18 Limitations of the Internet and Email

• Information overload and the spread of unverified or false content (Section 4.8).

• Security and privacy risks if safe-use practices (Section 4.9) are not followed.

• Dependence on a stable connection; poor connectivity in remote areas can restrict access.

• Email lacks the tone and body language of face-to-face conversation, so messages can occasionally be misread.

• Excessive time spent online can affect health, productivity, and in-person relationships if not managed with discipline.

5.1 Database Concepts: Data, Information and DBMS

Data refers to raw, unorganised facts (e.g., '19', 'Meerut', 'B.Sc.'); Information is data that has been organised and given context so it becomes meaningful (e.g., 'The student is 19 years old, lives in Meerut, and is enrolled in B.Sc.'). A Database is an organised collection of related data stored so it can be easily accessed, managed, and updated. A Database Management System (DBMS) is the software used to create and control such databases — MS Access is a popular Relational DBMS (RDBMS), meaning it organises data into related tables.

डेटा असंगठित तथ्य हैं, जबकि जानकारी (information) अर्थपूर्ण ढंग से संगठित डेटा है। डेटाबेस संबंधित डेटा का संगठित संग्रह है, और DBMS वह सॉफ्टवेयर है जो डेटाबेस बनाने व प्रबंधित करने हेतु उपयोग होता है। एमएस-एक्सेस एक रिलेशनल DBMS है।

Why use a database instead of a simple list in Word or Excel? A well-designed database:

• Avoids repeating the same data in many places (reducing errors and wasted storage), by splitting information into separate, linked tables.

• Enforces rules (e.g., 'Age must be a number', 'Roll Number cannot be blank') so invalid data is rejected at entry.

• Allows fast, flexible retrieval of exactly the records needed through queries, rather than scrolling through an entire sheet manually.

• Supports many simultaneous users safely accessing and updating shared data (in networked/enterprise settings).

5.2 Introduction to MS Access and Its Screen Layout

Microsoft Access is a desktop RDBMS included with certain Microsoft 365/Office editions, aimed at small-to-medium data-management tasks, letting users build databases without writing complex programming code.

• Title Bar, Ribbon and Quick Access Toolbar — laid out the same way as in Word/Excel/PowerPoint, following the shared Office interface philosophy (Section 1.1.1).

• Navigation Pane (left side) — lists every object in the currently open database (Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports), organised by type; double-clicking an object opens it.

• Object Window (main area) — displays the currently open Table, Query, Form, or Report, which can usually be viewed in more than one View (e.g., Datasheet View or Design View).

• Status Bar — shows the current View name and record navigation buttons (first, previous, next, last record) at the bottom.

नेविगेशन पेन में डेटाबेस की सभी वस्तुएँ (टेबल, क्वेरी, फॉर्म, रिपोर्ट) सूचीबद्ध होती हैं, जबकि मुख्य विंडो में चयनित वस्तु प्रदर्शित होती है।

5.3 Creating a Database and Understanding Access Objects

Step-by-step: creating a new blank database

1. Open MS Access and click Blank Database on the Start screen.

2. Type a File Name (e.g., StudentDB) in the box provided, and click the folder icon to choose a save location if needed.

3. Click Create; Access creates the new .accdb file and automatically opens one empty table named Table1 in Datasheet View, ready for data.

Every MS Access database is built from four main types of objects:

Object	Purpose
Table	Stores the raw data itself, arranged in rows (records) and columns (fields) — the foundation of every database (Section 5.4).
Query	Asks a question of the data stored in one or more tables and returns only the matching records (Section 5.8).
Form	Provides a user-friendly on-screen layout for entering, viewing, and editing data one record at a time (Section 5.10).
Report	Presents data from tables/queries in a clean, printable, summarised layout, often with totals and grouping (Section 5.11).

✎ Exercise 5.3 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Create a new blank database named 'StudentDB', save it in a folder named with your Roll Number, then close and reopen it to confirm it saved correctly.

5.4 Creating a Table and Choosing Data Types

A Table is organised into Fields (columns, each holding one category of information, e.g., Name) and Records (rows, each holding one complete set of related data, e.g., one student's full details).

Step-by-step: creating a table in Design View (gives full control over data types)

1. Go to Create tab → Table Design.

2. In the Field Name column, type each field's name (e.g., StudentID, Name, DOB, Fees).

3. For each field, choose an appropriate Data Type from the drop-down in the adjoining column.

4. Save the table (Ctrl+S), typing a meaningful table name (e.g., Student) when prompted.

Data Type	Used For
Short Text	Short alphanumeric entries up to 255 characters, e.g., Name, City.
Long Text	Lengthy text such as notes/comments/descriptions.
Number	Numeric values used in calculations, e.g., Age, Marks.
Date/Time	Calendar dates and/or clock times, e.g., Date of Birth, Admission Date.
Currency	Monetary values, automatically formatted with a currency symbol and two decimal places, e.g., Fees.
AutoNumber	A unique sequential number Access generates automatically for each new record — ideal for a Primary Key (Section 5.5).
Yes/No	A simple true/false or checkbox field, e.g., Scholarship (Yes/No).
Attachment/OLE Object	Stores an actual file, such as a scanned photo or document, inside the record.

तालिका (टेबल) फ़ील्ड (कॉलम) एवं रिकॉर्ड (पंक्तियों) से बनी होती है। प्रत्येक फ़ील्ड हेतु उपयुक्त डेटा टाइप (जैसे Short Text, Number, Date/Time, Currency) चुनना आवश्यक है, ताकि केवल सही प्रकार का डेटा दर्ज हो सके।

✎ Exercise 5.4 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. In the StudentDB database, create a table named Student with fields: StudentID (AutoNumber), Name (Short Text), DOB (Date/Time), Class (Short Text), and Fees (Currency).

5.5 Primary Key and Foreign Key

Fig 5.1 — A Primary Key (StudentID) uniquely identifies every record in a table

• Primary Key — one field (or a small combination of fields) whose value is guaranteed to be unique for every record, so that record can always be identified without ambiguity; Access marks it with a small key icon in Design View.

• Setting a Primary Key: in Design View, click the row selector of the chosen field, then click Primary Key on the Table Design tab (commonly applied to an AutoNumber ID field).

• Foreign Key — a field in one table that refers to the Primary Key of another table, creating a link between the two (e.g., a StudentID field inside a Fees table, referring back to the Student table).

• Composite Key — a Primary Key made up of two or more fields combined, used when no single field is unique on its own.

प्राइमरी की (Primary Key) वह फ़ील्ड है जो प्रत्येक रिकॉर्ड को विशिष्ट रूप से पहचानती है, जबकि फॉरेन की (Foreign Key) एक तालिका के फ़ील्ड को दूसरी तालिका की प्राइमरी की से जोड़ती है।

5.6 Entering and Editing Data: Datasheet View

Datasheet View displays a table's data as a familiar spreadsheet-like grid, ideal for direct typing and quick edits.

• Adding a new record: click the row marked with an asterisk (*) at the bottom of the datasheet, and start typing; Access automatically creates a fresh blank row below it for the next record.

• Navigating between fields: press Tab (or Enter) to move to the next field, Shift+Tab to move to the previous one.

• Editing existing data: click directly into any cell and retype, exactly as in an Excel worksheet.

• Deleting a record: click the grey row selector on the left of a record to select the whole row, then press Delete (Access will ask for confirmation, since deletion cannot be undone).

• Adjusting column width: double-click the border between two column headers to AutoFit the width to the longest entry, just as in Excel.

✎ Exercise 5.6 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Switch to Datasheet View of the Student table and enter at least 8 records with realistic data for each field.

5.7 Table Relationships

Splitting data across several linked tables (rather than one giant table) avoids repeating the same information and keeps the database organised — this is the core idea of a Relational Database.

• One-to-Many — the most common relationship; e.g., one Student can have MANY entries in a Fees table, but each Fees record belongs to only one Student.

• One-to-One — each record in one table corresponds to exactly one record in another; less common, used to split a very wide table for organisation or security.

• Many-to-Many — records in either table can relate to many records in the other (e.g., Students and Subjects); implemented in practice using a third 'junction' table linking the two.

1. To define relationships: go to Database Tools tab → Relationships.

2. Add the tables to be linked using Show Table.

3. Drag the Primary Key field of one table onto the matching Foreign Key field of the related table to draw the relationship line.

4. In the dialog that appears, tick Enforce Referential Integrity so Access prevents orphaned records (e.g., a Fees entry referring to a Student that does not exist), then click Create.

तालिकाओं के बीच संबंध (relationships) स्थापित करने से डेटा की पुनरावृत्ति रुकती है और डेटाबेस संगठित रहता है — यही रिलेशनल डेटाबेस की मूल अवधारणा है।

5.8 Creating Basic Queries

A Query lets a user ask a specific question of the data and view only the matching records, optionally drawn from more than one related table at once, without altering the underlying tables.

Step-by-step: creating a Select Query using the Query Wizard

1. Go to Create tab → Query Wizard → Simple Query Wizard → OK.

2. Choose the source Table (or Query), then move the required fields from Available Fields to Selected Fields using the > button.

3. Click Next, give the query a meaningful name (e.g., StudentFeesQuery), and click Finish; the results open in Datasheet View.

Step-by-step: creating a Query with criteria in Design View (more control)

4. Go to Create tab → Query Design, add the required table(s), and double-click the fields to include.

5. In the Criteria row beneath a field, type a condition, e.g., typing >75 under Marks shows only students scoring above 75, or typing "Meerut" under City shows only students from Meerut.

6. Click Run (the red exclamation-mark icon) to execute the query and view matching records.

क्वेरी डेटा से विशिष्ट प्रश्न पूछने का माध्यम है — जैसे केवल उन्हीं रिकॉर्ड को दिखाना जो किसी शर्त (criteria) को पूरा करते हों, बिना मूल तालिका में कोई परिवर्तन किए।

✎ Exercise 5.8 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Using the Query Wizard, create a query on the Student table showing only Name and Class. Then create a second query in Design View that shows only students whose Fees are above ₹10,000.

5.9 Sorting and Filtering Records

• Sorting: click inside any field in Datasheet View, then click the A→Z (ascending) or Z→A (descending) icon on the Home tab to reorder all records by that field, similar to sorting in Excel (Section 2.5).

• Filter by Selection: right-click a specific value inside a cell → Equals '<value>' to instantly show only records matching that value.

• Filter by Form: Home tab → Advanced → Filter By Form lets a user type several criteria across different fields at once before applying the filter together.

• Toggle Filter: click Toggle Filter on the Home tab to switch quickly between the filtered view and the full, unfiltered list of records.

सॉर्टिंग (sorting) रिकॉर्ड को क्रम में व्यवस्थित करती है, जबकि फ़िल्टरिंग (filtering) केवल शर्त पूरी करने वाले रिकॉर्ड को दिखाती है — दोनों ही एक्सेल की समान सुविधाओं की तरह कार्य करती हैं।

5.10 Creating Forms

A Form presents fields from a table (or query) in a clean, one-record-at-a-time on-screen layout, making data entry easier and less error-prone than typing directly into a datasheet grid — especially for someone unfamiliar with the underlying table structure.

1. Select the table the form should be based on, in the Navigation Pane.

2. Go to Create tab → Form; Access instantly generates a usable form with all fields laid out automatically.

3. Switch to Layout View or Design View to rearrange fields, resize boxes, add a title, or apply a theme/colour scheme (Design tab → Themes).

4. Save the form with a meaningful name (e.g., StudentEntryForm).

• Form Wizard (Create tab → Form Wizard) offers more control, letting a user choose exactly which fields to include and pick a layout (Columnar, Tabular, Datasheet) step by step.

• Navigation buttons at the bottom of an open form let a user move between First, Previous, Next, Last, and a blank New record.

✎ Exercise 5.10 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Create a Form for the Student table using the Form Wizard, choosing a Columnar layout. Use the form to add two more student records.

5.11 Creating Reports

A Report is used to present data attractively for printing or PDF export, typically with grouping, sorting, sub-totals, and a professional title/footer — unlike a Form, a Report is meant to be looked at rather than typed into.

1. Select the table or query the report should summarise, in the Navigation Pane.

2. Go to Create tab → Report Wizard for full control over field selection, grouping levels (e.g., group students by Class), and sort order.

3. On the Layout step, choose Stepped, Block, or Outline; on the last step, give the report a title (e.g., 'Class-wise Student List') and click Finish.

4. Switch to Print Preview to check pagination and page margins before printing (File → Print, or Ctrl+P).

• Report totals: in Design View, a Text Box placed in the Report Footer with an expression such as =Sum([Fees]) automatically calculates and displays the grand total.

5.12 Proofing and Printing

• Spelling Check (Review/Home tab → Spelling, F7): checks the text typed into Short Text/Long Text fields, similar to Word and Excel.

• Print Preview: available for Tables, Queries, Forms, and Reports via File → Print → Print Preview, to check layout, margins, and page breaks before committing to paper.

• Export options: File → Export lets a table/query/report be saved as a PDF, Excel Workbook, or Word/RTF document for sharing with people who do not have Access installed.

प्रिंट करने से पहले Print Preview में लेआउट व मार्जिन जाँचना उचित रहता है, तथा किसी भी वस्तु को PDF अथवा एक्सेल में एक्सपोर्ट किया जा सकता है।

5.13 Making Databases Attractive, Useful and Easy to Use

• Use clear, consistent field names without spaces (e.g., StudentID rather than 'Student ID Number') to avoid errors in queries and expressions.

• Always set an appropriate Primary Key so every record can be uniquely and reliably identified.

• Split data into separate, properly related tables (Section 5.7) rather than one giant table, to avoid repeated and inconsistent data.

• Use Forms for day-to-day data entry so users never need to touch the raw table directly.

• Design Reports with clear headings, grouping, and totals so the printed output is genuinely useful to whoever reads it.

• Regularly back up the .accdb file, since a single corrupted database file can mean losing all stored records.

5.14 Worked Walkthrough: Building a Complete Student Database

This walkthrough combines many MS Access skills into one realistic, end-to-end task — building a small database to manage student fee records.

1. Create a new blank database named FeeManagementDB.

2. Create a table named Student with fields StudentID (AutoNumber, set as Primary Key), Name (Short Text), Class (Short Text), and City (Short Text).

3. Create a second table named FeePayment with fields PaymentID (AutoNumber, Primary Key), StudentID (Number, to act as a Foreign Key), AmountPaid (Currency), and PaymentDate (Date/Time).

4. Go to Database Tools → Relationships, add both tables, and drag Student.StudentID onto FeePayment.StudentID, ticking Enforce Referential Integrity, to create a One-to-Many relationship.

5. Enter at least 6 student records into the Student table and at least 10 corresponding payment records into FeePayment.

6. Create a Query (Design View) showing Name, Class, and AmountPaid for students who paid more than ₹5,000 in a single payment.

7. Create a Form for the Student table using the Form Wizard, and use it to add one more record.

8. Create a Report (Report Wizard) grouping FeePayment records by StudentID, with a grand total of AmountPaid in the report footer.

9. Print Preview the report, then export it as a PDF.

यह अभ्यास तालिका, कुंजी, संबंध, क्वेरी, फॉर्म तथा रिपोर्ट के कौशल को एक व्यावहारिक फीस-प्रबंधन डेटाबेस में संयोजित करता है।

✎ Exercise 5.14 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Build your own two-table database (with a One-to-Many relationship) on a topic of your choice — e.g., Library Books and Issued-To records, or Hostel Rooms and Residents — including at least one query, one form, and one report.

5.15 Applications of MS Access

• Small-business record keeping: inventory, customer contacts, and simple invoicing.

• Institutional record management: student admissions, library catalogues, and fee/attendance tracking.

• Rapid prototyping of a data-driven application before committing to a larger, custom-built system.

• Personal database projects, such as organising a personal book, music, or contact collection.

5.16 Limitations of MS Access

• Designed for small-to-medium data volumes and a limited number of simultaneous users; large organisations typically need a dedicated server-based DBMS (e.g., SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle).

• Available only as part of certain Microsoft 365/Office plans on Windows; it has no official version for macOS or mobile devices.

• Poorly designed tables/relationships (Section 5.7) can lead to repeated, inconsistent data if normalisation principles are ignored.

• Complex reporting or automation may require learning additional tools such as macros or VBA (Visual Basic for Applications).

6.1 How the Five Tools Work Together

Although MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, the Internet/Email, and MS Access are distinct tools, they are designed to interoperate seamlessly, forming an integrated digital-literacy toolkit:

• A Word mail-merge letter can pull its recipient list directly from an Excel worksheet (Section 1.12).

• A Word document can embed a live Excel chart or table that updates automatically if the source spreadsheet changes.

• A PowerPoint slide's chart is, internally, powered by a linked mini Excel worksheet — editing the chart data reopens Excel.

• Text and outlines typed in Word's Outline View can be sent directly into PowerPoint (Home → New Slide → Slides from Outline) to quickly draft a presentation skeleton from a written report.

• All three Office applications share the same Ribbon philosophy, the same File tab (Backstage view) for Save/Open/Print/Options, and the same AutoCorrect/spell-check engine — so skills learnt in one transfer directly to the others.

• Files created in Word, Excel, and PowerPoint are commonly attached to and shared over Email (Section 4.14), while an MS Access table can also serve as a mail-merge data source, as an alternative to an Excel worksheet (Section 1.12).

• MS Access Reports and Queries can be exported directly to Excel or Word (Section 5.12) for further analysis or inclusion in a written report.

6.2 Comparative Summary Table

Aspect	MS Word	MS Excel	MS PowerPoint
Primary purpose	Compose & format text documents	Store, calculate & analyse numeric data	Design visual slide presentations
Basic unit	Page / Paragraph	Cell / Worksheet	Slide
Core strength	Rich text formatting, referencing, mail merge	Formulas, functions, pivot tables, charts	Visual storytelling, animation, slide show
Typical file extension	.docx	.xlsx	.pptx
Common output	Printed/PDF document	Report / dashboard / chart	Live presentation / exported video

A parallel snapshot of the two new tools introduced in this course:

Aspect	Internet & Email	MS Access
Primary purpose	Access global information and communicate digitally	Store and query structured data
Basic unit	Web page / Email message	Table / Record
Core strength	Reach, speed, real-time communication	Organised storage, queries, reports
Typical file/format	.html pages, .eml/webmail messages	.accdb

6.3 Career and Skill-Building Value

Proficiency in MS-Office remains one of the most universally demanded 'soft skills' across almost every industry and job role, including those unrelated to computing:

• Employability: most job postings, from clerical to managerial roles, explicitly list 'MS Office proficiency' as a required or preferred skill.

• Academic value: report writing (Word), data/result analysis (Excel), and seminar/viva presentations (PowerPoint) are needed throughout a student's academic and research career.

• Entrepreneurship: small-business owners routinely use Word for invoices/letters, Excel for accounts and inventory, and PowerPoint for pitching to investors or clients.

• Transferable logic: spreadsheet logic (formulas, referencing, conditional rules) is foundational for later learning of databases, programming, and data analysis tools.

एमएस-ऑफिस में दक्षता लगभग हर उद्योग व नौकरी में अपेक्षित एक सार्वभौमिक कौशल है — रिपोर्ट लेखन, डेटा विश्लेषण तथा प्रस्तुतियों के लिए यह ज्ञान शैक्षणिक व व्यावसायिक दोनों जीवन में उपयोगी है।

6.4 Final Consolidated Practice Project (अंतिम समेकित अभ्यास परियोजना)

As a capstone exercise combining all three applications, students should complete the following mini-project:

1. In Excel, create a workbook recording the results of a small survey you conduct among at least 15 classmates (e.g., favourite subject, hours of study per day, mode of transport to college). Use formulas/functions (COUNTIF, AVERAGE) to summarise the data, and create at least one chart.

2. In Word, write a 2-3 page formal report describing the survey's purpose, methodology, and findings, referencing the Excel chart (paste it as a linked/embedded object), and format the report using Styles, a Table of Contents, headers/footers, and correct page numbering.

3. In PowerPoint, design a 6-8 slide presentation summarising the same survey for a 5-minute classroom presentation, following the attractiveness guidelines in Section 3.12, including at least one SmartArt diagram and one chart.

4. Submit all three files together, correctly named with your Roll Number, demonstrating an integrated command of MS-Office.

5. Compose an email to your teacher (Chapter 4) with the Subject 'Survey Project Submission — [Roll Number]', attaching all three files together, and CC yourself so you retain a copy.

6. Optional extension: in MS Access (Chapter 5), create a table storing the same survey responses, and design one query and one report summarising them, to compare how a database approach differs from a spreadsheet approach.

7.1 Universal Shortcuts (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)

Shortcut	Action
Ctrl+N	New file
Ctrl+O	Open file
Ctrl+S	Save
F12	Save As
Ctrl+W	Close file
Ctrl+P	Print
Ctrl+Z	Undo
Ctrl+Y	Redo
Ctrl+X	Cut
Ctrl+C	Copy
Ctrl+V	Paste
Ctrl+A	Select All
Ctrl+F	Find
Ctrl+H	Replace
Ctrl+B	Bold
Ctrl+I	Italic
Ctrl+U	Underline
Ctrl+P	Print
F1	Help
F7	Spelling & Grammar check

7.2 MS Word-Specific Shortcuts

Shortcut	Action
Ctrl+L / E / R / J	Align Left / Centre / Right / Justify
Ctrl+1 / 2 / 5	Single / Double / 1.5 line spacing
Ctrl+Shift+> / <	Increase / Decrease font size
Ctrl+Alt+F	Insert Footnote
Ctrl+Alt+D	Insert Endnote
Ctrl+Enter	Insert a Page Break
Ctrl+K	Insert Hyperlink
Shift+F3	Change Case
Ctrl+Shift+S	Apply / open Styles pane

7.3 MS Excel-Specific Shortcuts

Shortcut	Action
Ctrl+Home / End	Go to cell A1 / last used cell
Ctrl+Arrow key	Jump to edge of data region
Ctrl+Shift+L	Toggle AutoFilter
Ctrl+;	Insert today's date
Ctrl+Shift+:	Insert current time
F2	Edit active cell
F4	Toggle relative/absolute reference (while editing formula)
Alt+=	AutoSum (quick SUM formula)
Ctrl+Shift+$	Apply Currency format
Ctrl+1	Open Format Cells dialog
Ctrl+Page Up/Down	Move to previous/next worksheet

7.4 MS PowerPoint-Specific Shortcuts

Shortcut	Action
F5	Start Slide Show from beginning
Shift+F5	Start Slide Show from current slide
Ctrl+M	New Slide
Ctrl+D	Duplicate selected slide/object
Esc	End Slide Show
B / W (during show)	Black-out / White-out the screen
Ctrl+Shift+C / V	Copy / Paste formatting (Format Painter shortcut)

7.5 Web Browser and Email Shortcuts

Shortcut	Action
Ctrl+T	Open a new browser tab
Ctrl+W	Close the current browser tab
Ctrl+Shift+T	Reopen the last closed tab
Ctrl+L / Alt+D	Jump to the address bar
Ctrl+D	Bookmark the current page
Ctrl+H	Open browsing History
Ctrl+J	Open Downloads list
F5 / Ctrl+R	Refresh (reload) the current page
Ctrl+N	Compose a new email (most webmail)
Ctrl+Enter	Send the email being composed (most webmail)

7.6 MS Access Shortcuts

Shortcut	Action
Tab / Shift+Tab	Move to next / previous field in Datasheet or Form view
Ctrl+' (apostrophe)	Copy the value from the same field in the previous record
Ctrl+Plus (+)	Add a new record
Ctrl+Minus (-)	Delete the current record
F2	Switch between Edit mode and Navigation mode in a cell
Ctrl+F	Find within the current table/query
Alt+F4	Close the database

✎ Exercise 7.6 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Practice at least 8 of the shortcuts above (browser, email, and Access) by repeating one earlier exercise from Chapters 4-5 using only the keyboard wherever possible.

✎ Exercise 7.1 (Practice / अभ्यास)

1. Practice at least 10 shortcuts above by completing one earlier exercise from Chapters 1-3 using ONLY the keyboard shortcuts instead of mouse clicks wherever possible.

B.1 Installation and Startup Issues

•   Q: MS-Office asks for a Product Key / will not activate. What should I do? — A: Ensure you are signed in with the Microsoft account linked to a genuine licence, and that your internet connection is active during activation; contact your institution's IT support if using an institutional licence.

•   Q: Word/Excel/PowerPoint opens very slowly. — A: Disable unnecessary Add-ins (File → Options → Add-ins → Manage: COM Add-ins → Go), and check that the computer meets minimum RAM requirements.

•   Q: I cannot find an installed application. — A: Use the Windows search bar (Windows key, then type the app name) rather than searching only the Desktop.

•   Q: An Office application opens but shows a blank/white screen. — A: Restart the computer; if it persists, run Office Repair via Control Panel → Programs → Microsoft Office → Change → Quick Repair (or Online Repair if that fails).

•   Q: 'Safe Mode' appears in the title bar every time I open Word/Excel. — A: A faulty add-in is usually crashing the app on normal start-up; go to File → Options → Add-ins → Manage: COM Add-ins → Go, and untick recently added add-ins.

•   Q: Office is installed but Outlook/Access is missing. — A: Not all Microsoft 365 plans include every application; check your plan's included apps, or install the missing app individually via Office.com → Install Apps.

•   Q: The installation is stuck at a certain percentage for a long time. — A: Check your internet connection speed; a slow or interrupted connection is the most common cause. Pause and resume the installer, or restart it after ensuring a stable connection.

•   Q: 'This app can't run on your PC' appears during installation. — A: You may be trying to install the 32-bit version on an incompatible setup, or vice versa; download the correct version matching your Windows edition (32-bit/64-bit) from your Microsoft 365 account.

•   Q: How do I check which version of MS-Office is installed? — A: Open any Office app → File → Account (or Help) → it displays the product name and version/build number.

•   Q: My trial version of Office has expired. — A: Purchase a genuine licence or use a free alternative (e.g., Office Online, Google Docs) until a licence is available; do not use unauthorised/cracked copies, as they pose security risks.

•   Q: Office keeps asking me to sign in repeatedly. — A: Go to File → Account → Sign Out, then sign in again with the correct Microsoft account; also check the system date/time is correct, as an incorrect clock can break authentication.

•   Q: Should I install the 32-bit or 64-bit version of Office? — A: 64-bit is recommended for most modern computers (better performance with very large files); use 32-bit only if you rely on an old add-in that does not support 64-bit.

B.2 File Saving and Recovery

•   Q: The application crashed before I could save — is my work lost? — A: Reopen the application; a Document Recovery pane usually appears automatically offering the last AutoRecover version. Also check File → Info → Manage Document → Recover Unsaved Documents.

•   Q: I saved my file but cannot find it. — A: Use File → Open → Recent to see recently used files, or search the file name (including its extension, e.g. .docx) in File Explorer's search box.

•   Q: My .docx file will not open on an older computer. — A: Older Office versions (2003 and earlier) use .doc; use Save As to export a compatible copy, or ask the recipient to install the free 'Compatibility Pack' or update Office.

•   Q: How often does AutoRecover save my work? — A: By default every 10 minutes; this interval can be shortened via File → Options → Save → 'Save AutoRecover information every __ minutes' for extra safety.

•   Q: I get 'Permission Denied' when trying to save a file. — A: The file may be open elsewhere (e.g., on another device or by another user), marked Read-Only, or saved in a protected system folder; use Save As to save a copy to your Documents folder instead.

•   Q: My file shows 'Read-Only' in the title bar. — A: Go to File → Info → Protect Document and check if 'Always Open Read-Only' is enabled; alternatively another user may have the file open on a shared drive.

•   Q: How do I recover an earlier version of a file I have overwritten? — A: File → Info → Version History (if the file is stored on OneDrive/SharePoint) lets you view and restore previous saved versions.

•   Q: What is the difference between AutoSave and AutoRecover? — A: AutoSave (available only for files stored on OneDrive/SharePoint) continuously saves changes to the actual file in real time; AutoRecover periodically saves a separate temporary backup copy used only to recover unsaved work after a crash.

•   Q: My USB drive file won't open and shows 'file is corrupt'. — A: Try Open → browse to the file → click the drop-down arrow next to the Open button → 'Open and Repair'; always safely eject USB drives to avoid corruption in the first place.

•   Q: How can I make sure I never lose work again? — A: Save early and often (Ctrl+S), enable AutoSave/OneDrive syncing where possible, and keep a secondary backup (e.g., email a copy to yourself or use a USB drive) for important files.

•   Q: I accidentally deleted a file — can I get it back? — A: Check the Recycle Bin first (right-click → Restore); if already emptied, check File History/Previous Versions in Windows, or OneDrive's Recycle Bin if the file was cloud-stored.

•   Q: Why does Word warn me the file format is not supported when I try to open a file? — A: The file extension may not match its actual content (e.g., a renamed file), or the file is genuinely corrupted; try opening it with 'Open and Repair', or ask the sender to resend it.

B.3 Common Word Issues

•   Q: My Table of Contents shows the wrong page numbers after editing. — A: Click inside the TOC and press F9, or right-click → Update Field → Update entire table.

•   Q: Extra blank pages appear at the end of my document. — A: Usually caused by an extra paragraph mark or a manual page break; turn on Home → Show/Hide (¶) to reveal and delete the hidden marks.

•   Q: My mail merge is only producing ONE letter instead of one-per-recipient. — A: Ensure Finish & Merge → Edit Individual Documents (not simply Print) is used to view all merged copies, and confirm the recipient list is not filtered to a single row.

•   Q: My text has red or blue wavy underlines. — A: Red indicates a possible spelling error and blue/green a possible grammar issue; right-click the underlined word for suggestions, or ignore it if the word is correct (e.g., a proper noun).

•   Q: Autocorrect keeps changing a word I type correctly. — A: Go to File → Options → Proofing → AutoCorrect Options and remove the specific auto-replacement rule, or click the small blue box that appears after the change and choose 'Undo AutoCorrect'.

•   Q: My page numbers restart from 1 in the wrong section. — A: This is controlled per Section; go to Insert → Page Number → Format Page Numbers and choose 'Continue from previous section' instead of 'Start at 1'.

•   Q: I cannot get the header/footer to be different on the first page. — A: Go to Header & Footer Tools → Design tab and tick 'Different First Page'.

•   Q: My bulleted/numbered list has inconsistent indentation. — A: Select the list, right-click → Adjust List Indents, and set the same 'Text indent' and 'Bullet position' values for all items.

•   Q: Track Changes marks are cluttering my document. — A: Go to Review tab → Display for Review, and switch from 'All Markup' to 'Simple Markup' or 'No Markup' for a cleaner view (the tracked changes remain saved).

•   Q: My picture will not move where I drag it. — A: Select the picture, go to Picture Format → Wrap Text, and choose an option other than 'In Line with Text' (e.g., 'Square' or 'Tight') to allow free positioning.

•   Q: Word keeps hyphenating words at the end of lines. — A: Go to Layout tab → Hyphenation → None to disable automatic hyphenation.

•   Q: My document's margins printed differently from what I see on screen. — A: Check the printer's own margin/scaling settings are set to 'Actual Size' (not 'Fit to Page'), and confirm Page Setup margins in Word match the intended values.

B.4 Common Excel Issues

•   Q: My formula shows #DIV/0! — A: This means the formula is dividing by zero or by an empty cell; check that the denominator cell contains a valid non-zero number.

•   Q: My formula shows #REF! — A: A cell referenced by the formula has been deleted; re-enter the correct reference.

•   Q: My formula shows #NAME? — A: The function name is misspelt, or a required argument/quote mark is missing.

•   Q: VLOOKUP returns #N/A. — A: The lookup value does not exist in the first column of the table array, or there is a leading/trailing space mismatch; use TRIM() or check spelling.

•   Q: My numbers appear as ##### in a cell. — A: The column is too narrow for the value; double-click the column border to AutoFit the width.

•   Q: My formula shows #VALUE! — A: One of the cells referenced in the formula contains text instead of a number where a number is expected; check every cell used in the calculation.

•   Q: A cell shows a formula (e.g., =A1+B1) instead of the calculated result. — A: The cell is likely formatted as Text, or 'Show Formulas' is switched on (Formulas tab → Show Formulas); change the cell format to General/Number and re-enter the formula.

•   Q: My dates are showing as serial numbers (e.g., 45123) instead of dates. — A: Select the cell(s) → Home → Number Format drop-down → choose 'Short Date' or 'Long Date'.

•   Q: Sorting my data has mixed up rows so related information no longer matches. — A: Always select the entire data range (not just one column) before sorting, and ensure 'Expand the selection' is chosen when Excel prompts, so full rows move together.

•   Q: My Pivot Table does not update after I add new data. — A: Right-click the Pivot Table → Refresh, or update the source range via PivotTable Analyze → Change Data Source if new rows fall outside the original range.

•   Q: Conditional Formatting is not highlighting cells as expected. — A: Check Home → Conditional Formatting → Manage Rules to confirm the correct cell range is selected and the rule's condition is written correctly.

•   Q: My chart is not updating when I change the underlying data. — A: Confirm the chart's data range still includes the changed cells (Chart Design → Select Data); if rows were added beyond the original range, extend the range or convert the data to an Excel Table first.

•   Q: I cannot see gridlines on my worksheet. — A: Go to View tab and tick the Gridlines checkbox; this is a display setting only and does not affect printing (control that separately via Page Layout → Sheet Options → Gridlines → Print).

•   Q: Excel is very slow with a large file. — A: Reduce the number of volatile functions (e.g., NOW, TODAY, RAND), remove unused formatting/blank rows-columns, and consider switching calculation to Manual (Formulas → Calculation Options) while editing.

•   Q: My formula copied to other cells but always refers to the same first cell. — A: The reference is Absolute ($A$1) where it should be Relative (A1); remove the $ signs or press F4 to cycle the reference type.

•   Q: SUM is giving the wrong (usually zero) total. — A: The 'numbers' being summed may actually be stored as Text (left-aligned by default); convert them to numbers using Data → Text to Columns, or multiply by 1 in a helper column.

•   Q: I accidentally deleted a row/column of formulas. — A: Press Ctrl+Z immediately to undo; if already saved and closed, check File → Info → Version History (OneDrive) for a recoverable earlier copy.

•   Q: Freeze Panes is not keeping the correct row/column visible. — A: Click the cell just below and to the right of where you want the freeze to occur, then apply View → Freeze Panes → Freeze Panes again.

B.5 Common PowerPoint Issues

•   Q: My embedded video will not play on another computer. — A: Ensure the video was inserted from 'This Device' (embedded) rather than linked from an external drive; keep the video file in the same folder if using a linked file, or use File → Info → 'Optimize Compatibility' before sharing.

•   Q: Fonts look different when I open my presentation on another computer. — A: The custom font is likely not installed there; use File → Options → Save → 'Embed fonts in the file' before sharing, or stick to common system fonts.

•   Q: My animations play in the wrong order. — A: Open the Animation Pane (Animations tab) and drag the numbered entries into the desired order.

•   Q: My slide show will not advance when I click the mouse. — A: Check Transitions tab → Advance Slide settings; ensure 'On Mouse Click' is ticked (and 'After' is not overriding it unintentionally).

•   Q: Pictures look blurry/pixelated after inserting. — A: The source image resolution is too low for its displayed size; use a higher-resolution image, or check File → Options → Advanced → Image Size and Quality is not set to compress too aggressively.

•   Q: My presentation file size is very large. — A: Compress pictures via Picture Format → Compress Pictures, and avoid embedding very large/uncompressed video files; link to an external video instead if size is critical.

•   Q: The slide show opens on the wrong monitor during a projector presentation. — A: Go to Slide Show tab → Monitor, and select the correct display; use Presenter View on your laptop and the actual slide show on the projector.

•   Q: My SmartArt text is too small/overflowing its shape. — A: Click the SmartArt, go to Format → Text Fill/Effects, or simply shorten the text; SmartArt auto-shrinks text but very long text may still overflow — split it into fewer words per point.

•   Q: I cannot find the Speaker Notes for a slide. — A: Go to View tab → Notes, or use Notes Page view, to see and edit the notes area below each slide.

•   Q: My hyperlink to another slide does not work during the slide show. — A: Re-check the link via Insert → Link → Place in This Document, ensuring the correct slide/section is selected; links to deleted slides will break.

•   Q: Text is spilling outside its placeholder box. — A: Use Format Shape → Text Options → 'Shrink text on overflow', or manually reduce the font size / shorten the content.

•   Q: My presentation looks different when exported to PDF. — A: Some animations/transitions and embedded fonts do not carry over to PDF; check the PDF preview and, if needed, use File → Export → 'Create PDF/XPS' with 'Standard' quality for the best fidelity.

B.6 Common Internet, Browser and Email Issues

•   Q: A website shows 'Not Secure' in the address bar. — A: The site is not using HTTPS; avoid entering passwords or payment details on it.

•   Q: Pages load very slowly or not at all. — A: Check the Wi-Fi/data connection first; also try clearing the browser's cache and cookies (Settings → Privacy → Clear browsing data).

•   Q: An email with an attachment is stuck 'Sending...' and never completes. — A: The attachment likely exceeds the provider's size limit (commonly 25 MB); compress the file or share it via a cloud-storage link instead.

•   Q: A genuine email from a known sender has gone to Spam. — A: Open the Spam/Junk folder, select the email, and click 'Not Spam' (or 'Report not spam') so future emails from that sender are not filtered.

•   Q: Forgot the password to an email account. — A: Use the 'Forgot password' link on the sign-in page; the account's recovery phone number/email (set during account creation, Section 4.10) is required to reset it.

•   Q: My browser keeps showing pop-up ads. — A: Enable the browser's built-in pop-up blocker (Settings → Privacy and Security → Pop-ups and redirects → Blocked), and run a malware scan if pop-ups persist even on trusted sites.

•   Q: A downloaded file is blocked with a warning message. — A: The browser suspects the file may be unsafe; only proceed ('Keep' or 'Keep anyway') if you fully trust the source, and always scan downloads with antivirus software before opening.

•   Q: I sent an email to the wrong recipient — can I unsend it? — A: Some providers (e.g., Gmail) offer a short 'Undo Send' window (5-30 seconds, configurable in Settings) immediately after sending; beyond that, send a prompt follow-up email clarifying the mistake.

•   Q: My inbox says 'Storage full' and I cannot receive new mail. — A: Delete large old emails/attachments (search 'has:attachment larger:10M' style filters), empty Trash/Spam, or upgrade the account's storage plan.

•   Q: A web page will not display properly / looks broken. — A: Try refreshing (Ctrl+R), or open the page in a different browser; also check if the browser needs updating to its latest version.

•   Q: I cannot open an attachment because 'there is no app to open this file'. — A: The file type (e.g., .accdb, .psd) may need specific software installed; alternatively, ask the sender to resend it in a common format such as PDF.

•   Q: My video call keeps freezing/lagging. — A: Close other bandwidth-heavy applications and browser tabs, move closer to the Wi-Fi router, and consider turning off your own video temporarily to save bandwidth.

•   Q: I am not sure if a link in an email is safe to click. — A: Hover the mouse over the link (without clicking) to preview the actual destination URL shown at the bottom of the browser/email client; if it looks suspicious or mismatched, do not click it.

•   Q: My account shows a login attempt from an unfamiliar location. — A: Immediately change your password, review 'Recent Security Activity' in account settings, and enable Two-Factor Authentication if not already active.

•   Q: How do I know if my Wi-Fi is actually the problem versus the website itself? — A: Try loading a different well-known website (e.g., google.com); if that also fails, the issue is your connection, not the original site.

•   Q: My browser opens with an unfamiliar homepage or extra toolbar I didn't install. — A: This usually indicates unwanted software (adware) was installed alongside another program; check Settings → Extensions and remove unrecognised ones, then reset the browser's homepage/search engine.

•   Q: I want to attach a very large video file to an email — what should I do? — A: Upload it to a cloud-storage service (e.g., Google Drive) and share the link in the email instead of attaching the file directly.

•   Q: Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) codes are not arriving. — A: Check the registered phone number/authenticator app is correct and has network signal; most services also provide backup codes generated at 2FA setup — keep these saved safely.

B.7 Common MS Access Issues

•   Q: Access refuses to save a table without a Primary Key. — A: This is a warning, not an error; either click Yes to let Access add an AutoNumber ID field automatically, or manually set a Primary Key (Section 5.5) before saving.

•   Q: A relationship cannot be created between two tables. — A: Ensure the two linked fields (Primary Key and Foreign Key) use matching/compatible Data Types, e.g., both Number, not one Number and one Short Text.

•   Q: A query returns zero records unexpectedly. — A: Double-check the Criteria row for typing errors, extra spaces, or incorrect capitalisation/quotation marks around text criteria.

•   Q: A report shows #Error instead of a total. — A: The expression in the text box (e.g., =Sum([Fees])) likely references a field name that is spelt incorrectly or does not exist in the underlying table/query.

•   Q: 'The database needs to be repaired or converted' message appears when opening. — A: Click Yes/OK to let Access run its built-in Compact and Repair utility, or run it manually via Database Tools → Compact and Repair Database.

•   Q: My database file has become very large over time. — A: Regularly run Database Tools → Compact and Repair Database to reclaim wasted space left behind by deleted records/objects.

•   Q: I cannot delete a record because of a 'related records' error. — A: Referential Integrity is preventing an orphaned record; delete or reassign the related records in the linked table first, or delete from the 'many' side before the 'one' side.

•   Q: My Form shows blank/no data even though the table has records. — A: Check the Form's Record Source (Form Design → Property Sheet → Data tab) is correctly set to the intended table/query, and confirm no filter is silently applied.

•   Q: Multiple users editing the same database at once causes 'File already in use' errors. — A: Access is primarily designed for small numbers of simultaneous users on a shared network drive; ensure the database is not set to 'Exclusive' open mode, or consider splitting the database (Database Tools → Access Database) into a back-end (data) and front-end (forms/reports) for smoother multi-user use.

•   Q: A Yes/No field is displaying as -1 and 0 instead of a checkbox. — A: This occurs when the field is viewed/exported outside Access (e.g., in Excel); within Access Datasheet/Form view it correctly displays as a checkbox tick.

•   Q: My AutoNumber field has skipped some numbers (gaps in sequence). — A: This is normal Access behaviour — numbers used by deleted or cancelled (Undo'd) records are not reused, so small gaps in the sequence do not indicate an error.

•   Q: I cannot type into a field in Datasheet View. — A: The field may be set as a Calculated field, or the table/query may be Read-Only due to it not being a directly updatable query (e.g., it uses aggregate functions like SUM/COUNT with GROUP BY).

•   Q: My Report's grouping is not sorting correctly. — A: In Report Design View, open the Group, Sort, and Total pane (Design tab) and confirm the correct field and sort order (A-Z / Z-A) are selected for each grouping level.

•   Q: Access shows 'You entered an expression that has an invalid reference to the property FormatConditions'. — A: This typically happens with corrupted Conditional Formatting rules; delete and recreate the formatting rule via Home → Conditional Formatting on the affected control.

•   Q: How do I prevent users from accidentally editing the design of my tables/forms? — A: Distribute the database as an .accde file (File → Save As → Make ACCDE), which locks the VBA code and prevents design changes while still allowing normal data entry and use.

C.1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. The default file extension of a Word document (2007 onwards) is: (a) .doc (b) .docx (c) .txt (d) .rtf — Answer: (b)

2. Which shortcut key is used to apply Justify alignment in Word? (a) Ctrl+L (b) Ctrl+E (c) Ctrl+J (d) Ctrl+R — Answer: (c)

3. In Excel, which symbol must every formula begin with? (a) # (b) @ (c) = (d) $ — Answer: (c)

4. Which Excel reference type does NOT change when a formula is copied to another cell? (a) Relative (b) Absolute (c) Both change (d) Neither — Answer: (b)

5. Which function in Excel would you use to count cells meeting a condition? (a) SUM (b) COUNTIF (c) AVERAGE (d) VLOOKUP — Answer: (b)

6. In PowerPoint, an effect applied BETWEEN two slides is called a: (a) Animation (b) Transition (c) Template (d) Placeholder — Answer: (b)

7. Which key starts a PowerPoint slide show from the very first slide? (a) F2 (b) F5 (c) F7 (d) F12 — Answer: (b)

8. Mail Merge in Word is primarily used for: (a) Formatting fonts (b) Creating personalised bulk letters (c) Inserting pictures (d) Checking spelling — Answer: (b)

9. Which view in PowerPoint shows small thumbnails of all slides for easy reordering? (a) Normal (b) Slide Sorter (c) Reading View (d) Notes Page — Answer: (b)

10. A Pivot Table in Excel is primarily used to: (a) Draw shapes (b) Summarise and analyse large datasets interactively (c) Check spelling (d) Insert headers — Answer: (b)

11. The full form of WWW is: (a) World Wide Web (b) Wide World Web (c) World Web Wide (d) Web World Wide — Answer: (a)

12. Which of these is a valid email attachment size concern? (a) Attachments are always unlimited (b) Most providers limit attachments to about 25 MB (c) Attachments cannot contain images (d) Attachments must be sent via CC — Answer: (b)

13. A padlock icon in the browser address bar indicates: (a) The page is slow (b) The connection is secure (HTTPS) (c) The page has a virus (d) The page is bookmarked — Answer: (b)

14. Which key combination opens a new tab in most browsers? (a) Ctrl+N (b) Ctrl+T (c) Ctrl+B (d) Ctrl+H — Answer: (b)

15. In MS Access, which object is used to store raw data? (a) Form (b) Report (c) Table (d) Query — Answer: (c)

16. A field that uniquely identifies each record in an Access table is called a: (a) Foreign Key (b) Primary Key (c) Index Key (d) Query Key — Answer: (b)

17. Which MS Access object is best suited for user-friendly data entry? (a) Table (b) Query (c) Form (d) Report — Answer: (c)

18. Which shortcut key combination opens the Find and Replace dialog box in Word? (a) Ctrl+F (b) Ctrl+H (c) Ctrl+R (d) Both (a) and (b) can open related dialogs — Answer: (d)

19. A footnote in Word appears: (a) At the end of the document (b) At the bottom of the same page (c) At the top of the next page (d) In a separate file — Answer: (b)

20. Which feature automatically generates a list of headings with page numbers? (a) Mail Merge (b) Table of Contents (c) Watermark (d) Track Changes — Answer: (b)

21. In Excel, the function used to look up a value in the first column of a range is: (a) HLOOKUP (b) VLOOKUP (c) INDEX (d) SORT — Answer: (b)

22. Which Excel feature allows automatic colour-coding of cells based on their value? (a) Data Validation (b) Conditional Formatting (c) Freeze Panes (d) Pivot Chart — Answer: (b)

23. The intersection of a row and column in Excel is called a: (a) Field (b) Record (c) Cell (d) Range — Answer: (c)

24. Which shortcut inserts the current date in Excel? (a) Ctrl+; (b) Ctrl+Shift+; (c) Ctrl+D (d) Ctrl+T — Answer: (a)

25. In PowerPoint, which pane lists all the animations applied to objects on a slide, in order? (a) Slide Sorter (b) Animation Pane (c) Notes Pane (d) Outline Pane — Answer: (b)

26. SmartArt in PowerPoint is primarily used to: (a) Insert audio (b) Represent information/ideas visually as diagrams (c) Check spelling (d) Password-protect a file — Answer: (b)

27. Which PowerPoint view is best for adding detailed spoken-delivery notes for the presenter? (a) Slide Sorter (b) Reading View (c) Notes Page (d) Outline View — Answer: (c)

28. A Domain Name is translated into an IP Address by a: (a) Web Browser (b) Search Engine (c) DNS Server (d) ISP — Answer: (c)

29. Which of these is an example of a Web Browser? (a) Gmail (b) Google Chrome (c) MS Access (d) WhatsApp — Answer: (b)

30. Which email field sends a copy WITHOUT the recipient's address being visible to others? (a) To (b) (c) BCC (d) Subject — Answer: (c)

31. Fraudulent emails/websites designed to steal passwords are known as: (a) Spam (b) Phishing (c) Bookmarking (d) Filtering — Answer: (b)

32. Which of these is the safest sign that a website is using an encrypted connection? (a) A colourful homepage (b) A padlock icon and 'https://' (c) A pop-up advertisement (d) A long domain name — Answer: (b)

33. In MS Access, a field whose value refers to the Primary Key of another table is called a: (a) Composite Key (b) Foreign Key (c) Index (d) AutoNumber — Answer: (b)

34. Which MS Access data type is best suited for storing monetary values? (a) Number (b) Currency (c) Short Text (d) Yes/No — Answer: (b)

35. Which MS Access object would you use to print a neatly formatted, grouped summary of data? (a) Table (b) Query (c) Form (d) Report — Answer: (d)

36. A relationship where one Student record can relate to many Fee Payment records is called: (a) One-to-One (b) One-to-Many (c) Many-to-Many (d) No relation — Answer: (b)

37. Which key toggles between Edit mode and Navigation mode within an MS Access datasheet cell? (a) F1 (b) F2 (c) F5 (d) F7 — Answer: (b)

38. Which of the following is NOT a basic service commonly provided over the Internet? (a) Email (b) File Transfer (c) Formula Auditing (d) Video Calling — Answer: (c)

39. Which browser feature lets a user quickly revisit a saved page without retyping its URL? (a) History (b) Bookmarks/Favourites (c) Downloads (d) Incognito Mode — Answer: (b)

40. Which of these connection types is generally the fastest for home use today? (a) Dial-Up (b) Fibre-Optic (FTTH) (c) Satellite (d) 2G Mobile Data — Answer: (b)

41. The 'S' in HTTPS specifically indicates that the connection is: (a) Slow (b) Secure/Encrypted (c) Shared (d) Static — Answer: (b)

42. Which Word feature would you use to send the same letter to 50 different recipients with personalised names and addresses? (a) Track Changes (b) Mail Merge (c) Comments (d) AutoCorrect — Answer: (b)

43. Which Excel chart type is best suited for showing trends over time? (a) Pie Chart (b) Line Chart (c) Scatter Chart (d) Doughnut Chart — Answer: (b)

44. Which shortcut duplicates the currently selected slide in PowerPoint? (a) Ctrl+D (b) Ctrl+M (c) Ctrl+N (d) Ctrl+P — Answer: (a)

45. An IP Address is best described as: (a) A person's email password (b) A unique numeric address identifying a device on a network (c) A type of virus (d) A file extension — Answer: (b)

46. Which of these best describes 'Bandwidth'? (a) The width of a web page (b) The maximum data that can travel through a connection per second (c) A type of email attachment (d) A database field type — Answer: (b)

47. Which MS Access view allows full control over a table's field names and data types? (a) Datasheet View (b) Design View (c) Layout View (d) Print Preview — Answer: (b)

48. Which of these would you tick when creating a table relationship to prevent orphaned records? (a) Cascade Delete (b) Enforce Referential Integrity (c) AutoNumber (d) Compact and Repair — Answer: (b)

49. Which of the following is a strong password practice? (a) Reusing the same password everywhere (b) Using your name and date of birth (c) A unique mix of letters, numbers, and symbols for each account (d) Sharing your password with close friends — Answer: (c)

50. In Excel, which reference type is written with dollar signs, e.g., $A$1? (a) Relative (b) Absolute (c) Mixed only (d) Circular — Answer: (b)

51. Which key combination applies Bold formatting in Word/Excel/PowerPoint? (a) Ctrl+B (b) Ctrl+I (c) Ctrl+U (d) Ctrl+N — Answer: (a)

52. In an Access table, each column is referred to as a: (a) Record (b) Field (c) Row (d) Report — Answer: (b)

53. Which is the correct term for one complete row of data in a database table? (a) Field (b) Record (c) Query (d) Form — Answer: (b)

54. Which of the following file extensions belongs to an MS Access database? (a) .xlsx (b) .pptx (c) .accdb (d) .docx — Answer: (c)

55. Compact and Repair Database in MS Access is primarily used to: (a) Change the Primary Key (b) Reduce file size and fix minor corruption (c) Create a new report (d) Send an email — Answer: (b)

C.2 Short Answer Questions

1. Differentiate between Save and Save As, with an example of when each would be used.

2. Explain the difference between a Footnote and an Endnote.

3. What is the difference between Relative and Absolute cell referencing in Excel? Give one example formula of each.

4. List any four in-built Excel functions along with their purpose.

5. Differentiate between a Slide Transition and an Animation in PowerPoint.

6. What is Mail Merge? List its main steps.

7. What is a Pivot Table, and how is it different from simple sorting/filtering?

8. Explain the purpose of Header and Footer in a Word document, and how a Section Break allows different headers in different parts of a document.

9. Differentiate between the Internet and the World Wide Web.

10. What is Phishing? Suggest two ways to avoid falling victim to it.

11. Differentiate between CC and BCC while composing an email.

12. What is a DBMS? Name two examples other than MS Access.

13. Differentiate between a Primary Key and a Foreign Key, with one example of each.

14. What is the difference between a Query and a Report in MS Access?

15. What is the purpose of the Clipboard, and name the three main Clipboard actions along with their shortcut keys.

16. Explain the difference between a Template and a regular document/presentation file.

17. What is Track Changes in Word, and in what situation is it most useful?

18. Differentiate between a Function and a Formula in Excel.

19. What is Conditional Formatting? Give one practical example of its use.

20. Explain the difference between Freeze Panes and simply hiding rows/columns in Excel.

21. What is the purpose of the Slide Master in PowerPoint?

22. Differentiate between the Normal View and the Slide Sorter View in PowerPoint.

23. What is a Placeholder in PowerPoint, and how does it differ from a regular text box?

24. Explain the meaning of a URL, and identify its main parts using a suitable example.

25. What is an ISP? Name two ISPs commonly available in India.

26. Differentiate between a Web Page and a Website.

27. List any three good practices for the safe use of the Internet.

28. What is an email Attachment? Mention one precaution to take before opening a received attachment.

29. Explain the purpose of Labels/Folders and Filters in managing an email inbox.

30. What is the difference between a Reply and a Reply All action in email?

31. Explain, with an example, the concept of Normalisation in database design (in simple terms, why data should not be repeated across tables).

32. What is a Composite Key? When would it be used instead of a single-field Primary Key?

33. Differentiate between a Table and a Query in MS Access.

34. Explain the purpose of the Form Wizard in MS Access.

35. What is Referential Integrity, and why is it enforced between related tables?

36. Differentiate between a One-to-Many and a Many-to-Many relationship, with one example of each.

37. What is the purpose of a Report Footer in MS Access, and give one example of what might be placed there.

38. Explain any three data types available in MS Access and the kind of data each is meant for.

39. What is the difference between Datasheet View and Design View in MS Access?

40. Why is it recommended to regularly back up an MS Access database file?

41. Explain briefly how a browser retrieves a web page after a URL is typed and Enter is pressed.

C.3 Practical / Long-Answer Questions

1. Create a formatted one-page resume (bio-data) in MS Word using Styles, a Table for personal details, and appropriate headers/footers.

2. Create an Excel workbook to record and analyse the attendance of 20 students over one month, using COUNTIF to calculate attendance percentage and Conditional Formatting to flag students below 75% attendance.

3. Design an 8-10 slide PowerPoint presentation on any topic of your subject specialisation, incorporating SmartArt, at least one chart, hyperlinked navigation, and appropriately-applied transitions/animations.

4. Explain, with suitable illustrations/diagrams, how MS Word, Excel and PowerPoint can be used together to prepare a complete project report and its accompanying viva presentation.

5. Create a Gmail (or similar) email account, then send an email with at least one file attachment to your teacher, with a suitable Subject line.

6. Create an MS Access database for a small library, with a Books table and a Members table linked by a One-to-Many relationship, including one query and one report.

7. Perform a Mail Merge in MS Word to generate 10 personalised invitation letters using an Excel sheet of names and addresses as the data source; submit the merged output as a single document.

8. Create an Excel workbook analysing the monthly expenses of a household across at least 6 categories, including a Pivot Table summary and a suitable chart (e.g., Pie or Bar) illustrating the spending distribution.

9. Design a 6-slide PowerPoint presentation introducing your college/institution, using a consistent Slide Master theme, at least one embedded chart, and rehearsed slide timings suitable for an unattended kiosk display.

10. Compose and send an email to two recipients (using To and CC appropriately) with a Word document and an Excel sheet both attached, and BCC yourself for a record.

11. Design an MS Access database to manage a small shop's inventory, with a Products table and a Suppliers table linked appropriately, including at least two queries (one with a numeric criterion, one with a text criterion) and one grouped report.

12. Research and safely browse three government e-governance websites relevant to students (e.g., scholarship portals, examination boards), noting their URLs and one key service each offers, while verifying each uses HTTPS.

13. Create a Word document with a multi-level numbered list (e.g., a lab manual's steps and sub-steps), a correctly captioned figure, and an auto-updating Table of Contents.

14. Build an Excel gradebook for a class of 15 students across 4 subjects, calculating totals, percentages, and grades using nested IF or LOOKUP functions, with the top 3 students highlighted using Conditional Formatting.

15. Create a PowerPoint presentation explaining a step-by-step process of your choice (e.g., a science experiment or a cooking recipe) using SmartArt process diagrams and appropriate animations to reveal each step in sequence.

16. Set up email filters/rules in your email account to automatically label incoming messages from your class group, and demonstrate the result with at least three test emails.

17. Design a two-table MS Access database of your own choice (e.g., Hostel Rooms and Residents, or Sports Equipment and Issue Records) including a relationship, one form for data entry, and one report with a calculated total in the footer.

18. Prepare a short comparative note (using a Word table) contrasting MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, Email, and MS Access in terms of purpose, basic unit, and typical output — supporting the summary with one real example from each.

19. Export a Report created in MS Access to both PDF and Excel formats, and explain in 3-4 sentences the situations in which each exported format would be more useful.

20. Simulate a safe-use-of-Internet audit of your own browser and one email/social-media account: check and note whether HTTPS is used by default, whether Two-Factor Authentication is enabled, and review the current privacy settings, listing any two improvements you would make.

Best Wishes,

For a

Great Learning