A quick-reference sheet of the governing formula for every experiment in this lab, grouped by module.
Electrostatics
| Experiment |
Formula |
| Coulomb's Law |
\(F = q_1q_2/(4\pi\varepsilon_0\varepsilon_r r^2)\) |
| Electric Dipole |
\(V=p\cos\theta/(4\pi\varepsilon_0 r^2)\), \(E_{axial}=2kp/r^3\), \(E_{equatorial}=kp/r^3\) |
| Gauss's Law |
\(\Phi_E = \oint \vec E\cdot d\vec A = Q_{enc}/\varepsilon_0\) |
| Parallel-Plate Capacitor |
\(C = \varepsilon_r\varepsilon_0 A/d\) |
| Van de Graaff / Conductors |
\(V_{dome}=Q/(4\pi\varepsilon_0 R)\), \(E_{surface}=\sigma/\varepsilon_0\) |
Magnetostatics
| Experiment |
Formula |
| Biot–Savart (finite wire) |
\(B=(\mu_0 I/4\pi a)(\sin\alpha_1+\sin\alpha_2)\) |
| Circular Coil / Helmholtz |
\(B(x)=\mu_0NIR^2/[2(R^2+x^2)^{3/2}]\) |
| Ampere's Law (Solenoid) |
\(B=\mu_0 nI\) |
| Ampere's Law (Toroid) |
\(B(r)=\mu_0NI/(2\pi r)\) |
| Force Between Parallel Wires |
\(F/L=\mu_0I_1I_2/(2\pi d)\) |
Electrodynamics
| Experiment |
Formula |
| Faraday's Law |
\(\varepsilon=-N\,d\Phi_B/dt\) |
| Motional EMF |
\(\varepsilon=BLv\), \(F_{retard}=B^2L^2v/R\) |
| RC Transient |
\(V_C(t)=\varepsilon_0(1-e^{-t/\tau})\), \(\tau=RC\) |
| RL Transient |
\(I(t)=(\varepsilon_0/R)(1-e^{-t/\tau})\), \(\tau=L/R\) |
| LCR Resonance |
\(\omega_0=1/\sqrt{LC}\), \(Q=\omega_0L/R\) |
EM Waves & Propagation
| Experiment |
Formula |
| Maxwell / Plane Waves |
\(c=1/\sqrt{\mu_0\varepsilon_0}\), \(E_0/B_0=c\) |
| Skin Depth |
\(\delta=\sqrt{2/(\omega\mu\sigma)}\) |
| Brewster's Angle |
\(n_1\sin\theta_i=n_2\sin\theta_t\), \(\theta_B=\arctan(n_2/n_1)\) |
Electric & Magnetic Materials
| Experiment |
Formula |
| Dielectric Polarization |
\(P=\varepsilon_0(\varepsilon_r-1)E\), \((\varepsilon_r-1)/(\varepsilon_r+2)=N\alpha/3\varepsilon_0\) |
| Magnetic Hysteresis |
\(H=nI\); hysteresis loss/cycle/volume \(=\oint H\,dB\) (loop area) |
Universal Constants
| Symbol |
Quantity |
Value |
| \(\varepsilon_0\) |
Permittivity of free space |
\(8.854\times10^{-12}\) F/m |
| \(\mu_0\) |
Permeability of free space |
\(4\pi\times10^{-7}\) T·m/A |
| \(c\) |
Speed of light in vacuum |
\(2.998\times10^{8}\) m/s |
| \(k = 1/4\pi\varepsilon_0\) |
Coulomb's constant |
\(8.988\times10^{9}\) N·m²/C² |